![\"xac-suat-lo-de-845x321-1\"](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/xac-suat-lo-de-845x321-1.jpg\")
T\u00ednh X\u00e1c Su\u1ea5t L\u00f4 \u0110\u1ec1 Tr\u00fang Tr\u01b0\u1ee3t C\u1ee5 Th\u1ec3 Nh\u1ea5t<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\nAnh em ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eafc lu\u00f4n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng con l\u00f4 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. V\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c Su\u1ea5t Tr\u00fang L\u00f4<\/span><\/h2>\nMu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 hay
\ncon l\u00f4 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5
\nh\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3: T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n th\u1eafng l\u00f4 ( l\u00f4
\nv\u1ec1) l\u00e0 1 \u2013 100 %. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thua l\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ee3i m\u00e3i l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1) l\u00e0 99 %<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean<\/p>\n
\n- T\u1ea1ch 1 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 2 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % X 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 3 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % X 99 % X 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 27 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % ^27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng
\nqu\u00e1t<\/p>\n
[1 \u2013 [{100-n}% ^ 27)] *
\n100<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 1 l\u00f4 ( n=1) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 23,7
\n%<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4 (n =2) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 42
\n%\u2026<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n2<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/figure>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 2 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 2 con
\nc\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng ( kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con l\u00f4)<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nh\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
\n- C\u1ea3 2 l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 98 % X 27 = 57,9 %<\/li>\n
- M\u1ed9t l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 23,7 %; m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 100% \u2013 23,7% = 76,2 %) ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 2 X 23,7 % X = 36,1 %<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean (c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean) = 94 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy lu\u1eadn ra
\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean l\u00e0 100 % \u2013 94 % = 6 %<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n3<\/span><\/h2>\nKhi \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 3 con
\nl\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00fang xi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau b\u1ecb
\nt\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt xi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
\n- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 3 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 (0,97 ^ 27)<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 1 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,2376 * 0,98
\n^ 27)<\/li>\n - X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 2 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,058 * 0,99 ^ 27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u1ed5ng 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean hay x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t
\ntr\u1eadt xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 98,51 %<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 100 % \u2013
\n98,51 % = 1,49 %<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u00f4, tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4, tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p xi\u00ean 3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xi\u00ean 4 tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 1 v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n 100 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t \u0103n 3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/h2>\nX\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9
\nc\u00f3 1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Tr\u00fang 1%<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 c\u00e0ng (3 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i
\nc\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) = 0,1 %<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec th\u1ea5p, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 theo ki\u1ec3u h\u00ean xui th\u00ec s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n ra \u0111i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ean, anh em c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u k\u00e8o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u01a1i, nh\u1edb ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 theo, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 r\u01a1i, l\u00f4 khan, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecbp l\u00f4 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a con l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 anh em n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3i cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Anh em ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eafc lu\u00f4n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng con l\u00f4 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. V\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c Su\u1ea5t Tr\u00fang L\u00f4<\/span><\/h2>\nMu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 hay
\ncon l\u00f4 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5
\nh\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3: T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n th\u1eafng l\u00f4 ( l\u00f4
\nv\u1ec1) l\u00e0 1 \u2013 100 %. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thua l\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ee3i m\u00e3i l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1) l\u00e0 99 %<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean<\/p>\n
\n- T\u1ea1ch 1 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 2 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % X 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 3 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % X 99 % X 99 %<\/li>\n
- T\u1ea1ch 27 l\u00f4 l\u00e0 99 % ^27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng
\nqu\u00e1t<\/p>\n
[1 \u2013 [{100-n}% ^ 27)] *
\n100<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 1 l\u00f4 ( n=1) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 23,7
\n%<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4 (n =2) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 42
\n%\u2026<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n2<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/figure>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 2 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 2 con
\nc\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng ( kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con l\u00f4)<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nh\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
\n- C\u1ea3 2 l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 98 % X 27 = 57,9 %<\/li>\n
- M\u1ed9t l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 23,7 %; m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 100% \u2013 23,7% = 76,2 %) ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 2 X 23,7 % X = 36,1 %<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean (c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean) = 94 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy lu\u1eadn ra
\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean l\u00e0 100 % \u2013 94 % = 6 %<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n3<\/span><\/h2>\nKhi \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 3 con
\nl\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00fang xi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau b\u1ecb
\nt\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt xi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
\n- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 3 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 (0,97 ^ 27)<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 1 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,2376 * 0,98
\n^ 27)<\/li>\n - X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 2 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,058 * 0,99 ^ 27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u1ed5ng 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean hay x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t
\ntr\u1eadt xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 98,51 %<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 100 % \u2013
\n98,51 % = 1,49 %<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u00f4, tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4, tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p xi\u00ean 3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xi\u00ean 4 tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 1 v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n 100 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t \u0103n 3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/h2>\nX\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9
\nc\u00f3 1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Tr\u00fang 1%<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 c\u00e0ng (3 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i
\nc\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) = 0,1 %<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec th\u1ea5p, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 theo ki\u1ec3u h\u00ean xui th\u00ec s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n ra \u0111i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ean, anh em c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u k\u00e8o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u01a1i, nh\u1edb ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 theo, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 r\u01a1i, l\u00f4 khan, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecbp l\u00f4 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a con l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 anh em n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3i cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\ncon l\u00f4 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5
\nh\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
\nv\u1ec1) l\u00e0 1 \u2013 100 %. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thua l\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ee3i m\u00e3i l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1) l\u00e0 99 %<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng
\nqu\u00e1t<\/p>\n
[1 \u2013 [{100-n}% ^ 27)] *
\n100<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 1 l\u00f4 ( n=1) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 23,7
\n%<\/p>\n
Tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4 (n =2) x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 42
\n%\u2026<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n2<\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/figure>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 2 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 2 con
\nc\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng ( kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con l\u00f4)<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nh\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
\n- C\u1ea3 2 l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 98 % X 27 = 57,9 %<\/li>\n
- M\u1ed9t l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 23,7 %; m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 100% \u2013 23,7% = 76,2 %) ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 2 X 23,7 % X = 36,1 %<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean (c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean) = 94 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy lu\u1eadn ra
\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean l\u00e0 100 % \u2013 94 % = 6 %<\/p>\n
T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n3<\/span><\/h2>\nKhi \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 3 con
\nl\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00fang xi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau b\u1ecb
\nt\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt xi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
\n- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 3 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 (0,97 ^ 27)<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 1 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,2376 * 0,98
\n^ 27)<\/li>\n - X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 2 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,058 * 0,99 ^ 27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u1ed5ng 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean hay x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t
\ntr\u1eadt xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 98,51 %<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 100 % \u2013
\n98,51 % = 1,49 %<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u00f4, tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4, tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p xi\u00ean 3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xi\u00ean 4 tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 1 v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n 100 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t \u0103n 3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/h2>\nX\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9
\nc\u00f3 1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Tr\u00fang 1%<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 c\u00e0ng (3 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i
\nc\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) = 0,1 %<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec th\u1ea5p, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 theo ki\u1ec3u h\u00ean xui th\u00ec s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n ra \u0111i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ean, anh em c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u k\u00e8o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u01a1i, nh\u1edb ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 theo, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 r\u01a1i, l\u00f4 khan, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecbp l\u00f4 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a con l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 anh em n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3i cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
![\"xac-suat-lo-de-1\"](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/xac-suat-lo-de-1.jpg\")
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 2 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 2 con
\nc\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng ( kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con l\u00f4)<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng
\nh\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
- \n
- C\u1ea3 2 l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 98 % X 27 = 57,9 %<\/li>\n
- M\u1ed9t l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 23,7 %; m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ( x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 100% \u2013 23,7% = 76,2 %) ( tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean): 2 X 23,7 % X = 36,1 %<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xi\u00ean (c\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean) = 94 %<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy lu\u1eadn ra
\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean l\u00e0 100 % \u2013 94 % = 6 %<\/p>\nT\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean
\n3<\/span><\/h2>\nKhi \u0111\u00e1nh xi\u00ean 3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 3 con
\nl\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00fang xi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau b\u1ecb
\nt\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt xi\u00ean.<\/p>\n- \n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 3 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 (0,97 ^ 27)<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 1 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,2376 * 0,98
\n^ 27)<\/li>\n - X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t 2 con l\u00f4 v\u1ec1 (3 * 0,058 * 0,99 ^ 27<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
T\u1ed5ng 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean hay x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t
\ntr\u1eadt xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 98,51 %<\/p>\nX\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3 l\u00e0 100 % \u2013
\n98,51 % = 1,49 %<\/p>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u00f4, tr\u00fang 2 l\u00f4, tr\u00fang xi\u00ean 3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p xi\u00ean 3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xi\u00ean 4 tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 1 v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n 100 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t \u0103n 3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/h2>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9
\nc\u00f3 1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Tr\u00fang 1%<\/p>\nX\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 c\u00e0ng (3 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i
\nc\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t) = 0,1 %<\/p>\n\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1eafng l\u00f4 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec th\u1ea5p, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 theo ki\u1ec3u h\u00ean xui th\u00ec s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n ra \u0111i s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ean, anh em c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u k\u00e8o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u01a1i, nh\u1edb ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 theo, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 r\u01a1i, l\u00f4 khan, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecbp l\u00f4 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con l\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a con l\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng con l\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1eafng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 anh em n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1i l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u1eeba an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3i cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n